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photographic glass

  • 1 photographic glass plate

    Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > photographic glass plate

  • 2 фотографический

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > фотографический

  • 3 стекло для фотопластинок

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > стекло для фотопластинок

  • 4 фотографическое стекло

    Polygraphy: photographic glass

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фотографическое стекло

  • 5 фотостекло

    1) Engineering: photoglass
    2) Silicates: photographic glass

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фотостекло

  • 6 fotográfico

    adj.
    photographic.
    * * *
    1 photographic
    * * *
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo photographic
    * * *
    Ex. An edition is all those copies of an item produced from substantially the same type image, whether by direct contact or by photographic method.
    ----
    * archivo fotográfico = photographic library.
    * colección fotográfica = photographic library.
    * exposición fotográfica = photographic exhibition, photo gallery.
    * material fotográfico = photographic material.
    * montaje fotográfico = photomontage.
    * negativo fotográfico en placa de vidrio = glass plate negative.
    * recuperación de imágenes fotográficas = picture retrieval.
    * safari fotográfico = photographic safari.
    * sesión fotográfica = photo shoot, photo session.
    * trucaje fotográfico = trick photography.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo photographic
    * * *

    Ex: An edition is all those copies of an item produced from substantially the same type image, whether by direct contact or by photographic method.

    * archivo fotográfico = photographic library.
    * colección fotográfica = photographic library.
    * exposición fotográfica = photographic exhibition, photo gallery.
    * material fotográfico = photographic material.
    * montaje fotográfico = photomontage.
    * negativo fotográfico en placa de vidrio = glass plate negative.
    * recuperación de imágenes fotográficas = picture retrieval.
    * safari fotográfico = photographic safari.
    * sesión fotográfica = photo shoot, photo session.
    * trucaje fotográfico = trick photography.

    * * *
    photographic
    * * *

    fotográfico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    photographic
    fotográfico,-a adjetivo photographic: esta chica tiene una memoria fotográfica, this girl has a photographic memory

    ' fotográfico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estudio
    - fotográfica
    - montaje
    - safari
    English:
    photographic
    * * *
    fotográfico, -a adj
    photographic
    * * *
    adj photographic
    * * *
    fotográfico, -ca adj
    : photographic
    * * *
    fotográfico adj photographic

    Spanish-English dictionary > fotográfico

  • 7 Niepce de St Victor, Claude Félix Abel

    [br]
    b. 1805 Saint-Cyr, France
    d. 1870 France
    [br]
    French soldier and photographic scientist, inventor of the first practicable glass negative process.
    [br]
    A cousin of the photographic pioneer J.N. Niepce, he attended the military school of Saumur, graduating in 1827. Niepce de St Victor had wide scientific interests, but came to photography indirectly from experiments he made on fading dyes in military uniforms. He was transferred to the Paris Municipal Guard in 1845 and was able to set up a chemical laboratory to conduct research. From photographic experiments performed in his spare time, Niepce de St Victor devised the first practicable photographic process on glass in 1847. Using albumen derived from the white of eggs as a carrier for silver iodide, he prepared finely detailed negatives which produced positive prints far sharper than those made with the paper negatives of Talbot's calotype process. Exposure times were rather long, however, and the albumen-negative process was soon displaced by the wet-collodion process introduced in 1851, although albumen positives on glass continued to be used for high-quality stereoscopic views and lantern slides. In 1851 Niepce de St Victor described a photographic colour process, and between 1853 and 1855 he developed his famous cousin's bitumen process into a practicable means of producing photographically derived printing plates. He then went on to investigate the use of uranium salts in photography. He presented twenty-six papers to the Académie des Sciences between 1847 and 1862.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1847, Comptes Rendus 25(25 October):586 (describes his albumen-on-glass process).
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York (provides details of his contributions to photography).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Niepce de St Victor, Claude Félix Abel

  • 8 fotografía

    f.
    photo, photograph, picture, shot.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: fotografiar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: fotografiar.
    * * *
    1 (proceso) photography
    2 (retrato) photograph
    \
    hacer fotografías / sacar fotografías to take photographs
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=arte) photography

    fotografía en color — colour photography, color photography (EEUU)

    2) (=imagen) photograph

    sacar o tomar una fotografía de algo — to take a photograph of sth

    fotografía al flash, fotografía al magnesio — flash photograph

    fotografía de carnet — ≈ passport photograph

    fotografía en color — colour photograph, color photograph (EEUU)

    foto
    * * *
    femenino (técnica, arte) photography; (retrato, imagen) photograph
    * * *
    = exposure, photograph, photography, snapshot [snap-shot], picture, shot.
    Ex. There is a film on the camera for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film is wound once for all when the film is inserted.
    Ex. Some of their most cherished photographs were of sleeping users.
    Ex. The article 'Cold and cool vault environments for the storage of historic photographic materials' was written in recognition of the sesquicentennial of the introduction of photography to the public.
    Ex. To quote Towl, case studies 'are not an actual snap-shot or sound movie of what really took place'.
    Ex. In the future pictures may need not be wetted at all.
    Ex. Each video shot is logged using text descriptions, audio dialogue, and cinematic attributes.
    ----
    * álbum de fotografías = photograph album.
    * ampliar una fotografía = enlarge + picture.
    * cuarto oscuro de fotografía = photographic darkroom.
    * exposición de fotografías = photographic exhibition.
    * exposiciones de fotografía = salon photography.
    * fotografía aérea = aerial photograph, aerial photography.
    * fotografía artística = artistic photography.
    * fotografía de cine = cinematic photography.
    * fotografía del espacio = space photograph.
    * fotografía de obra de arte = art photograph.
    * fotografía de publicidad = advertising photography.
    * fotografía en placa de cristal = glass-plate photography.
    * fotografía en seco = dry photography.
    * fotografía histórica = documentary photography.
    * fotografía tamaño carnet = passport size photograph, ID photograph.
    * fotografía tomada por un satélite = satellite photograph.
    * fotografía trucada = trick photograph.
    * hacer fotografía = make + picture.
    * máquina de registro de préstamos por medio de la fotografía = photocharger, photocharging machine.
    * recuperación de fotografías = picture retrieval.
    * sacar una fotografía = take + picture.
    * tomar una fotografía = take + picture.
    * * *
    femenino (técnica, arte) photography; (retrato, imagen) photograph
    * * *
    = exposure, photograph, photography, snapshot [snap-shot], picture, shot.

    Ex: There is a film on the camera for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film is wound once for all when the film is inserted.

    Ex: Some of their most cherished photographs were of sleeping users.
    Ex: The article 'Cold and cool vault environments for the storage of historic photographic materials' was written in recognition of the sesquicentennial of the introduction of photography to the public.
    Ex: To quote Towl, case studies 'are not an actual snap-shot or sound movie of what really took place'.
    Ex: In the future pictures may need not be wetted at all.
    Ex: Each video shot is logged using text descriptions, audio dialogue, and cinematic attributes.
    * álbum de fotografías = photograph album.
    * ampliar una fotografía = enlarge + picture.
    * cuarto oscuro de fotografía = photographic darkroom.
    * exposición de fotografías = photographic exhibition.
    * exposiciones de fotografía = salon photography.
    * fotografía aérea = aerial photograph, aerial photography.
    * fotografía artística = artistic photography.
    * fotografía de cine = cinematic photography.
    * fotografía del espacio = space photograph.
    * fotografía de obra de arte = art photograph.
    * fotografía de publicidad = advertising photography.
    * fotografía en placa de cristal = glass-plate photography.
    * fotografía en seco = dry photography.
    * fotografía histórica = documentary photography.
    * fotografía tamaño carnet = passport size photograph, ID photograph.
    * fotografía tomada por un satélite = satellite photograph.
    * fotografía trucada = trick photograph.
    * hacer fotografía = make + picture.
    * máquina de registro de préstamos por medio de la fotografía = photocharger, photocharging machine.
    * recuperación de fotografías = picture retrieval.
    * sacar una fotografía = take + picture.
    * tomar una fotografía = take + picture.

    * * *
    1 (técnica, arte) photography
    una tienda de fotografía a photographic o camera store ( AmE), a photographic o camera shop ( BrE)
    2 (retrato, imagen) photograph
    3 (estudio) photographic studio
    Compuesto:
    (técnica) aerial photography; (imagen, producto) aerial photograph
    * * *

     

    Del verbo fotografiar: ( conjugate fotografiar)

    fotografía es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    fotografiar    
    fotografía
    fotografiar ( conjugate fotografiar) verbo transitivo
    to photograph, take a photograph of
    fotografía sustantivo femenino (técnica, arte) photography;
    (retrato, imagen) photograph
    fotografiar verbo transitivo to photograph, take a photograph of
    fotografía sustantivo femenino
    1 photograph
    fotografía en blanco y negro, black and white photograph
    fotografía en color, colour photograph
    2 (profesión) photography
    ' fotografía' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ampliar
    - ampliación
    - detalle
    - enfocada
    - enfocado
    - formato
    - grano
    - marco
    - montar
    - pie
    - posar
    - representar
    - sacar
    - sesión
    - trucar
    - fondo
    - reducido
    - reducir
    - retocar
    English:
    autograph
    - photograph
    - photography
    - amateur
    - camera
    - photographic
    * * *
    1. [arte] photography
    fotografía aérea aerial photography;
    fotografía digital digital photography;
    fotografía infrarroja infrared photography;
    fotografía publicitaria commercial photography
    2. [objeto] photograph;
    hacer o [m5] sacar una fotografía a alguien to take a picture o photograph of sb
    fotografía aérea aerial photograph;
    fotografía de (tamaño) carné passport-sized photograph;
    * * *
    f
    1 técnica photography
    2 imagen photograph
    * * *
    1) : photograph
    2) : photography
    * * *
    1. (técnica) photography
    2. (foto) photograph

    Spanish-English dictionary > fotografía

  • 9 Sutton, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 1819 England
    d. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands
    [br]
    English photographer and writer on photography.
    [br]
    In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.
    In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.
    In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.
    JW / BC

    Biographical history of technology > Sutton, Thomas

  • 10 объектив

    1) General subject: lens, objective
    2) Geology: lens (микроскопа), object-glass
    4) Engineering: camera lens (фотографического или киносъёмочного аппарата), lens system, objective lens, optical objective, photographic lens system (фотографический)
    5) Railway term: compound lens
    6) Linguistics: objective (case)
    8) Photo: camera glass (с вики: то же самое, что и photographic lens, objective lens или photographic objective)
    9) Electronics: glass
    11) Mechanics: optical front end

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > объектив

  • 11 Zeiss, Carl

    [br]
    b. 11 September 1816 Weimar, Thuringia, Germany
    d. 3 December 1888 Jena, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German lens manufacturer who introduced scientific method to the production of compound microscopes and made possible the production of the first anastigmatic photographic objectives.
    [br]
    After completing his early education in Weimar, Zeiss became an apprentice to the engineer Dr Frederick Koerner. As part of his training, Zeiss was required to travel widely and he visited Vienna, Berlin, Stuttgart and Darmstadt to study his trade. In 1846 he set up a business of his own, an optical workshop in Jena, where he began manufacturing magnifying glasses and microscopes. Much of his work was naturally for the university there and he had the co-operation of some of the University staff in the development of precision instruments. By 1858 he was seeking to make more expensive compound microscopes, but he found the current techniques primitive and laborious. He decided that it was necessary to introduce scientific method to the design of the optics, and in 1866 he sought the advice of a professor of physics at the University of Jena, Ernst Abbe (1840–1905). It took Zeiss until 1869 to persuade Abbe to join his company, and two difficult years were spent working on the calculations before success was achieved. Within a few more years the Zeiss microscope had earned a worldwide reputation for quality. Abbe became a full partner in the Zeiss business in 1875. In 1880 Abbe began an association with Friedrich Otte Schott that was to lead to the establishment of the famous Jena glass works in 1884. With the support of the German government, Jena was to become the centre of world production of new optical glasses for photographic objectives.
    In 1886 the distinguished mathematician and optician Paul Rudolph joined Zeiss at Jena. After Zeiss's death, Rudolph went on to use the characteristics of the new glass to calculate the first anastigmatic lenses. Immediately successful and widely imitated, the anastigmats were also the first of a long series of Zeiss photographic objectives that were to be at the forefront of lens design for years to come. Abbe took over the management of the company and developed it into an internationally famous organization.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.W.Sipley, 1965, Photography's Great Inventors, Philadelphia (a brief biography). J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.
    K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 122–32 (includes a short account of Carl Zeiss and his company).
    JW / RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Zeiss, Carl

  • 12 material

    adj.
    1 physical.
    2 real, actual (real).
    3 material, bodily.
    m.
    1 material (sustancia).
    material de desecho waste material
    2 equipment (instrumentos).
    material bélico war material
    materiales de construcción building materials
    material escolar school materials
    material de guerra war material
    material de oficina office stationery
    3 cloth, material.
    * * *
    1 (en general) material; (físico) physical
    2 (real) real
    1 (sustancia) material
    2 (conjunto de cosas) material, materials plural, equipment
    3 (datos, información) material
    \
    material escolar teaching material(s)
    material de guerra war material
    material de oficina office stationery
    materiales de construcción building materials
    materiales de desecho waste material sing
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [ayuda, valor etc] material
    2) (=físico) physical

    daños materiales — physical damage, damage to property

    3) (=real)

    la imposibilidad material de... — the physical impossibility of...

    2. SM
    1) (=materia) material
    2) (=equipo) equipment

    material bélico, material de guerra — war material, military equipment

    material móvil, material rodante — rolling stock

    3) (Tip) copy
    4) * (=cuero) leather
    5)

    de material — LAm made of bricks, brick-built

    * * *
    I
    a) <necesidades/ayuda/valor> material

    daños materiales — damage to property, material damage

    b) <autor/causante> actual
    II
    1) (elemento, sustancia) material
    2)
    a) ( útiles) materials (pl)
    b) (datos, documentos, etc) material
    •
    * * *
    I
    a) <necesidades/ayuda/valor> material

    daños materiales — damage to property, material damage

    b) <autor/causante> actual
    II
    1) (elemento, sustancia) material
    2)
    a) ( útiles) materials (pl)
    b) (datos, documentos, etc) material
    •
    * * *
    material1
    1 = equipment, material, matter, stuff, fare, infrastructure, fodder, material.

    Ex: A post-coordinate index depends upon specialised equipment and storage devices.

    Ex: It is my understanding that the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition, (AACR2) will prescribe the same entry rules for all materials.
    Ex: A plate is a leaf containing illustrative matter, with or without explanatory text, that does not form part of either the preliminary or the main sequences of pages or leaves.
    Ex: Rehyping old stuff as if it were new is not only annoyingly deceptive but doesn't sell any books to suspicious customers.
    Ex: Children seek education deliberately when they use the library to do their homework while many of the other borrowers are looking for recreational fare.
    Ex: Priority sectors are in energy, industry and infrastructure.
    Ex: The diverse range of perspectives represented provides fodder for lively debates.
    Ex: The material in the exhibition is organized into four thematic sections: objects used in daily life, funerary rites, religious items, and works of art.
    * archivero especializado en material audiovisual = audiovisual archivist.
    * basado en material impreso = print-based.
    * bibliotecario especializado en material audiovisual = audiovisual librarian.
    * biblioteconomía especializada en el material audiovisual = audiovisual librarianship.
    * buscar material = pursue + material.
    * catalogación de material no librario = non-book cataloguing.
    * censurar material = challenge + materials.
    * censuras a los materiales = challenges to materials.
    * centrado en el material impreso = print-centred [print-centered, -USA].
    * centro de material didáctico escolar = school resource centre.
    * ciencias de los materiales = materials sciences.
    * ciencia y tecnología de los materiales = materials science and technology.
    * colocación del material de vuelta en los estantes = shelving.
    * Conferencia Panafricana sobre Preservacion y Conservación de Material Bibli = Pan-African Conference on the Preservation and Conservation of Library and Archival Materials.
    * desarrollo de material educativo = instructional development.
    * editor de material electrónico = electronic publisher [e-publisher].
    * editor de material multimedia = multimedia publisher.
    * envío de material = freight forwarding.
    * fondos de material audiovisual = AV holdings.
    * frecuencia de préstamo del material = turnover rate.
    * imprenta de material efímero = jobbing house, jobbing office, jobbing printer.
    * inmovilizado material = tangible assets.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * material anejo = accompanying material.
    * material audiovisual = a-v material, audiovisual item, audiovisual material, AV material, audiovisual aids, audiovisual media.
    * material bibliotecario = library stock, library materials.
    * material cartográfico = cartographic material.
    * material complementario = accompanying material.
    * material con copyright = copyright material, copyrighted material.
    * material crítico = critical matter.
    * material de archivo = archival material, archive material.
    * material de arte = art material.
    * material de ayuda = help pack.
    * material de construcción = building material.
    * material de empaste = filling material.
    * material de encuadernación = covering material.
    * material de enseñanza programada = programmed material.
    * material de estudio = study material, course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource, study package.
    * material de fondo = backing.
    * material del centro de recursos = resource centre material.
    * material del curso = course material, curriculum material, curriculum resource.
    * material de lectura = reading material, reading matter.
    * material de lectura para adultos = adult reading matter.
    * material del rodillo = roller stock.
    * material de ocio = entertainment material.
    * material de oficina = office equipment, office supplies.
    * material de papelería = printing supplies.
    * material de referencia = reference material.
    * material de relleno = filler.
    * material de reserva = reserve stock.
    * material de tamaño mayor de lo normal = outsize material.
    * material didáctico = teaching material, learning materials, course material, curriculum material, study package, instructional material.
    * material didáctico de apoyo = study aide.
    * material didáctico entregado en clase = class handout.
    * material digital = digital media.
    * material docente = study material.
    * material documental de interés para los vecinos del barrio = community literature.
    * material donado de segunda mano = hand-me-down material.
    * material editado por el propio autor = self-published material.
    * material educativo = study material, teaching material, learning materials, study package, instructional material.
    * material efímero = ephemera, ephemeral, fugitive material, ephemeral material.
    * material electrónico = electronic material [e-material], online material.
    * materiales menores = minor materials.
    * material fotográfico = photographic material.
    * material genético = genetic material.
    * material gráfico = graphic material.
    * material histórico = historical material.
    * material impreso = print, print media, print material, offline material, printed material.
    * material inflamable = flammable material.
    * material informativo = information material.
    * material multimedia = media material, media title.
    * material no bibliográfico = non-book material.
    * material no devuelto = non-return.
    * material no impreso = non-print [nonprint], non-print media.
    * material no librario = non-book material.
    * material oculto = buried material.
    * material para adultos = adult materials.
    * material polémico = challenged materials.
    * material procedente del dragado = dredged material.
    * material protegido por el derecho de autor = copyright material, copyrighted material.
    * material publicitario = publicity material, advertising material.
    * material que no es revista científica = non-journal material.
    * material radioactivo = radioactive material.
    * material reflectante = reflective material.
    * material renovable = renewable material.
    * material reprográfico = reprographic equipment.
    * material táctil = tactile material.
    * material técnico = technical equipment.
    * material tecnológico = technological equipment.
    * material termoplástico = thermoplastic.
    * material tipográfico = typographical equipment.
    * material y equipos de oficina = office supply and equipment.
    * orientado hacia el material impreso = print-centred [print-centered, -USA].
    * paquete de material didáctico = training package.
    * petición de material = material-finding enquiry.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * preservar material = preserve + material.
    * presupuesto para adquisición de material = capital budget.
    * presupuesto para la compra de material = materials budget.
    * proveedor de material de oficina = office supplier.
    * proveedor de materiales = materials vendor.
    * recoger material = gather + material.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * sala de material audiovisual = audiovisual room.
    * selección de material = materials selection.
    * suministrar material de equipo = supply + equipment.
    * suministro de material multimedia = media supply.
    * trabajo de impresión de material efímero = ephemeral jobbing.
    * trabajos de impresión de material efímero = jobbing work.
    * transporte de material = freight forwarding.
    * venta de material impreso = print sale.

    material2
    2 = artifactual, material.

    Ex: Unless the filmed material is deemed of high artistic or artifactual value, it is subsequently pulped.

    Ex: His paintings suggest the possibility that material things can be transformed to accommodate a transcendent and spiritual vision.
    * beneficio material = material benefit.
    * causar daño material = cause + material injury.
    * daño material = material damage.
    * daño no material = immaterial damage.
    * mundo material = material world.
    * objeto material = material object.

    * * *
    1 ‹necesidades/ayuda› material; ‹valor› material
    los daños materiales eran graves the damage to property o the material damage was serious
    está muy apegado a los bienes materiales he is very materialistic, he cares a lot about material possessions
    2
    (uso enfático): no tengo tiempo material para cosértelo I really don't have time to sew it for you
    ante la imposibilidad material de asistir al acto since it was quite impossible for her to attend the ceremony
    3 ‹autor/causante› actual
    A
    1 (elemento, sustancia) material
    es un material muy flexible it is a very flexible material
    2
    ( RPl) ( Const): de material brick ( before n)
    Compuesto:
    ( ant); plastic
    B
    1 (útiles) materials (pl)
    2 (datos, documentos, etc) material
    está reuniendo material para el artículo she is collecting material for the article
    Compuestos:
    ( period); military equipment
    ● material de demoliciones or derribo
    reclaimed o secondhand building materials (pl)
    (probetas, retortas, etc) laboratory apparatus; (sustancias químicas) laboratory materials (pl)
    office stationery
    teaching materials (pl)
    school materials (pl), school things (pl) ( colloq)
    (papel, películas) photographic materials (pl); (lentes, filtros) photographic equipment
    ● material móvil or rodante
    rolling stock
    * * *

     

    material adjetivo
    a) ‹necesidades/ayuda/valor› material;

    ◊ daños materiales damage to property, material damage

    b) ‹autor/causante› actual

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) material;

    2 ( útiles) materials (pl);

    material didáctico/escolar teaching/school materials (pl)
    material
    I adj (no espiritual) material, physical
    bienes materiales, material goods
    II sustantivo masculino material
    material informático, computer materials pl
    ' material' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absorbente
    - bélica
    - bélico
    - concha
    - corcho
    - de
    - empeñar
    - ser
    - flexible
    - heredar
    - hule
    - laminar
    - legar
    - legado
    - materia
    - ofimática
    - ordinaria
    - ordinario
    - oscurecer
    - oscurecerse
    - paño
    - penetrar
    - pintura
    - rígida
    - rigidez
    - rígido
    - ruda
    - rudo
    - sintética
    - sintético
    - sólida
    - solidez
    - sólido
    - tartán
    - tela
    - térmica
    - térmico
    - tolerancia
    - tratamiento
    - alambrada
    - algodón
    - apego
    - caída
    - carey
    - cartón
    - contraer
    - corte
    - cuadro
    - elasticidad
    - elástico
    English:
    ancillary
    - artwork
    - bronze
    - creature
    - effluent
    - equipment
    - flammable
    - flint
    - furnish
    - material
    - matter
    - perish
    - physical
    - raw material
    - resilience
    - resilient
    - rolling stock
    - stuff
    - supply
    - teaching materials
    - unrefined
    - comfort
    - deteriorate
    - earthenware
    - fencing
    - flaw
    - flimsy
    - glass
    - heavy
    - hokum
    - hole
    - impervious
    - inflexible
    - itchy
    - ivory
    - literature
    - making
    - man
    - oddment
    - of
    - over
    - padding
    - paper
    - plaid
    - pliable
    - pulp
    - raw
    - robust
    - rubbery
    - shape
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [físico] physical;
    [consecuencias] material;
    los daños materiales fueron cuantiosos the physical damage o damage to property was considerable;
    el objeto robado no tenía ningún valor material the stolen object had no material o financial value
    2. [real] real, actual;
    el autor material del asesinato the person actually responsible for carrying out the murder;
    no hay tiempo material para discutir el problema there's simply no time to discuss the problem
    ♦ nm
    1. [sustancia] material
    material de desecho waste material;
    material genético genetic material;
    material refractario heat-resistant o fireproof material
    2. [datos, información] material;
    no hay suficiente material como para escribir una novela there isn't enough material to write a novel
    3. [instrumentos] equipment
    material audiovisual audiovisual equipment and material;
    material bélico military equipment;
    materiales de construcción building materials;
    material deportivo sports equipment;
    material didáctico teaching materials;
    material escolar school materials;
    material fotográfico photographic equipment;
    material fungible [desechable] disposable materials;
    Informát [cartuchos, disquetes] consumables;
    material de guerra war material;
    material de laboratorio laboratory materials;
    material de oficina office supplies
    4. Esp Fam [droga] gear, merchandise
    5. RP
    de material [de obra] built of brick, brick-built;
    una casa de material a house built of brick, a brick-built house
    * * *
    m/adj material
    * * *
    1) : material, physical, real
    2)
    daños materiales : property damage
    1) : material
    material de construcción: building material
    2) equipo: equipment, gear
    * * *
    1. (sustancia) material
    2. (equipo) equipment

    Spanish-English dictionary > material

  • 13 Archer, Frederick Scott

    [br]
    b. 1813 Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, England
    d. May 1857 London, England
    [br]
    English photographer, inventor of the wet-collodion process, the dominant photographic process between 1851 and c.1880.
    [br]
    Apprenticed to a silversmith in London, Archer's interest in coin design and sculpture led to his taking up photography in 1847. Archer began experiments to improve Talbot's calotype process and by 1848 he was investigating the properties of a newly discovered material, collodion, a solution of gun-cotton in ether. In 1851 Archer published details of a process using collodion on glass plates as a carrier for silver salts. The process combined the virtues of both the calotype and the daguerreotype processes, then widely practised, and soon displaced them from favour. Collodion plates were only sensitive when moist and it was therefore essential to use them immediately after they had been prepared. Popularly known as "wet plate" photography, it became the dominant photographic process for thirty years.
    Archer introduced other minor photographic innovations and in 1855 patented a collodion stripping film. He had not patented the wet-plate process, however, and made no financial gain from his photographic work. He died in poverty in 1857, a matter of some embarrassment to his contemporaries. A subscription fund was raised, to which the Government was subsequently persuaded to add an annual pension.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1851, Chemist (March) (announced Archer's process).
    Further Reading
    J.Werge, 1890, The Evolution of Photography.
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of "Photography", rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Archer, Frederick Scott

  • 14 Platte

    f; -, -n
    1. (großer Teller) dish; kalte Platte GASTR. cold cuts
    2. aus Glas, Metall etc.: sheet; aus Holz: board; aus Stein, Beton: slab; (Kachel) tile
    3. (Tischplatte) tabletop; ausziehbar: leaf
    4. (Herdplatte) hotplate
    5. (Felsplatte) ledge
    6. (Schallplatte) record; die Platte kenn ich schon umg., fig. I’ve heard that one before; leg mal eine neue Platte auf umg., fig. can you put the other side on for a change?; der hat ganz schön was auf der Platte umg. he’s on the ball, he’s really with it
    7. Computer: hard disk
    8. umg. (Glatze) bald pate; (kahle Stelle) bald patch; eine Platte haben / kriegen be / be going bald
    9. Sl. (Schlafplatz für Nichtsesshafte): auf Platte sein (obdachlos sein) be homeless ( oder on the streets); Platte machen (im Freien übernachten) kip out
    10. umg.: die Platte putzen (verschwinden, weggehen) hop off
    * * *
    die Platte
    (Geschirr) dish;
    (Schallplatte) disc; record;
    (Scheibe) plate; plaque;
    * * *
    Plạt|te ['platə]
    f -, -n
    1) (= Holzplatte) piece of wood, wood no pl, board; (zur Wandverkleidung) panel; (= Tischtennisplatte) ping-pong table; (= Glasplatte/Metallplatte/Plastikplatte) piece or sheet of glass/metal/plastic; (= Betonplatte, Steinplatte) slab; (zum Pflastern) paving stone, flag(stone); (= Kachel, Fliese) tile; (= Grabplatte) gravestone, slab; (= Herdplatte) hotplate; (= Tischplatte) (table) top; (ausziehbare) leaf; (= Felsenplatte) shelf, ledge; (GEOG = ebenes Land) flat or low land; (GEOL = tektonische Platte) (tectonic) plate; (= Druckstock) plate; (= Münzrohling) coin disc; (PHOT) plate; (von Gebiss) (dental) plate; (= Gedenktafel) plaque; (COMPUT) disk

    ein Ereignis auf die Platte bannen — to capture an event on film

    2) (= Servierteller) serving dish, plate; (= Tortenplatte) cake plate; (mit Fuß) cake stand
    3) (= Schallplatte) record, disc

    etw auf Platte sprechen/aufnehmen — to make a record of sth, to record sth

    die Platte kenne ich schon (fig inf) — I've heard all that before, I know that line

    er legte die alte Platte auf (fig inf) — he started on his old theme

    leg doch mal eine neue Platte auf! (fig inf) — change the record, can't you!

    4) (inf) (= Glatze) bald head; (= kahle Stelle) bald spot or patch
    5) (Aus = Verbrecherbande) gang (of criminals)
    6) (sl)
    * * *
    die
    1) (a round flat piece of (usually black) plastic on which music etc is recorded: a record of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony.) record
    2) (a shallow dish for holding food etc: china plates.) plate
    3) (a sheet of metal etc: The ship was built of steel plates.) plate
    4) (a sheet of glass etc coated with a sensitive film, used in photography.) plate
    5) (a kind of large, flat plate: a wooden platter.) platter
    * * *
    Plat·te1
    <-, -n>
    [ˈplatə]
    f
    2. (Metalltafel) sheet, plate
    3. (Schallplatte) record
    4. (Servierteller) platter, dish; (Gericht) platter
    kalte \Platte cold platter, cold collation
    5. (Kochplatte) hotplate, BRIT a. hob
    6. INFORM (Festplatte) hard disk
    7. INFORM (Magnetplatte) [magnetic] disk
    magneto-optische \Platte magneto-optical disk
    8. (fam) bald head [or pate]
    eine \Platte haben to be bald
    9. (sl: Plattenbau) prefab (a building made from prefabricated slabs of reinforced concrete); (Plattenbausiedlung) prefab estate
    10.
    ▶ die alte \Platte auflegen (fam) to play the same old record, to talk about the same old thing
    ▶ die \Platte schon kennen (fam) to have heard that one before
    ▶ eine neue \Platte auflegen (fam) to change the record
    ▶ putz die \Platte! (fam) clear off! [or out!] fam, BRIT a. hop it! fam
    Plat·te2
    <-n, -n>
    [ˈplatə]
    einen \Platten haben to have a flat [tyre [or AM tire]] [or a puncture]
    * * *
    die; Platte, Platten
    1) (SteinPlatte) slab; (MetallPlatte) plate; sheet; (Mikroskopie usw.): (GlasPlatte) slide; (Paneel) panel; (SpanPlatte, HartfaserPlatte usw.) board; (StyroporPlatte usw.) sheet; (TischPlatte) [table-] top; (GrabPlatte) [memorial] slab; (fotografische Platte) [photographic] plate; (DruckPlatte) [pressure] plate; (Kachel, Fliese) tile; (zum Pflastern) flagstone; paving stone
    2) (KochPlatte) hotplate
    3) (SchallPlatte) [gramophone] record

    die Platte kenne ich [schon] — (fig. ugs.) I've heard that one before

    4) (Teller) plate; (zum Servieren, aus Metall) dish
    5) (Speise) dish

    kalte Platte — selection of cold meats [and cheese]

    * * *
    Platte f; -, -n
    kalte Platte GASTR cold cuts
    2. aus Glas, Metall etc: sheet; aus Holz: board; aus Stein, Beton: slab; (Kachel) tile
    3. (Tischplatte) tabletop; ausziehbar: leaf
    4. (Herdplatte) hotplate
    5. (Felsplatte) ledge
    6. (Schallplatte) record;
    die Platte kenn ich schon umg, fig I’ve heard that one before;
    leg mal ’ne neue Platte auf umg, fig can you put the other side on for a change?;
    der hat ganz schön was auf der Platte umg he’s on the ball, he’s really with it
    7. COMPUT hard disk
    8. umg (Glatze) bald pate; (kahle Stelle) bald patch;
    eine Platte haben/kriegen be/be going bald
    9. sl (Schlafplatz für Nichtsesshafte):
    auf Platte sein (obdachlos sein) be homeless ( oder on the streets);
    Platte machen (im Freien übernachten) kip out
    10. umg:
    * * *
    die; Platte, Platten
    1) (SteinPlatte) slab; (MetallPlatte) plate; sheet; (Mikroskopie usw.): (GlasPlatte) slide; (Paneel) panel; (SpanPlatte, HartfaserPlatte usw.) board; (StyroporPlatte usw.) sheet; (TischPlatte) [table-] top; (GrabPlatte) [memorial] slab; (fotografische Platte) [photographic] plate; (DruckPlatte) [pressure] plate; (Kachel, Fliese) tile; (zum Pflastern) flagstone; paving stone
    2) (KochPlatte) hotplate
    3) (SchallPlatte) [gramophone] record

    etwas auf Platte (Akk.) aufnehmen — make a record of something

    die Platte kenne ich [schon] — (fig. ugs.) I've heard that one before

    4) (Teller) plate; (zum Servieren, aus Metall) dish
    5) (Speise) dish

    kalte Platte — selection of cold meats [and cheese]

    * * *
    -n (Felsplatte) f.
    ledge n. -n (Glas, Blech) f.
    sheet n. -n (Glatze) f.
    bald pate n. -n (Holz) f.
    board n. -n (Wand, Fußboden) f.
    panel n. -n f.
    disk drive n.
    flag (flagstone) n.
    flagstone n.
    paving slab n.
    plate n.
    record (music) n.
    slab n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Platte

  • 15 platte

    f; -, -n
    1. (großer Teller) dish; kalte Platte GASTR. cold cuts
    2. aus Glas, Metall etc.: sheet; aus Holz: board; aus Stein, Beton: slab; (Kachel) tile
    3. (Tischplatte) tabletop; ausziehbar: leaf
    4. (Herdplatte) hotplate
    5. (Felsplatte) ledge
    6. (Schallplatte) record; die Platte kenn ich schon umg., fig. I’ve heard that one before; leg mal eine neue Platte auf umg., fig. can you put the other side on for a change?; der hat ganz schön was auf der Platte umg. he’s on the ball, he’s really with it
    7. Computer: hard disk
    8. umg. (Glatze) bald pate; (kahle Stelle) bald patch; eine Platte haben / kriegen be / be going bald
    9. Sl. (Schlafplatz für Nichtsesshafte): auf Platte sein (obdachlos sein) be homeless ( oder on the streets); Platte machen (im Freien übernachten) kip out
    10. umg.: die Platte putzen (verschwinden, weggehen) hop off
    * * *
    die Platte
    (Geschirr) dish;
    (Schallplatte) disc; record;
    (Scheibe) plate; plaque;
    * * *
    Plạt|te ['platə]
    f -, -n
    1) (= Holzplatte) piece of wood, wood no pl, board; (zur Wandverkleidung) panel; (= Tischtennisplatte) ping-pong table; (= Glasplatte/Metallplatte/Plastikplatte) piece or sheet of glass/metal/plastic; (= Betonplatte, Steinplatte) slab; (zum Pflastern) paving stone, flag(stone); (= Kachel, Fliese) tile; (= Grabplatte) gravestone, slab; (= Herdplatte) hotplate; (= Tischplatte) (table) top; (ausziehbare) leaf; (= Felsenplatte) shelf, ledge; (GEOG = ebenes Land) flat or low land; (GEOL = tektonische Platte) (tectonic) plate; (= Druckstock) plate; (= Münzrohling) coin disc; (PHOT) plate; (von Gebiss) (dental) plate; (= Gedenktafel) plaque; (COMPUT) disk

    ein Ereignis auf die Platte bannen — to capture an event on film

    2) (= Servierteller) serving dish, plate; (= Tortenplatte) cake plate; (mit Fuß) cake stand
    3) (= Schallplatte) record, disc

    etw auf Platte sprechen/aufnehmen — to make a record of sth, to record sth

    die Platte kenne ich schon (fig inf) — I've heard all that before, I know that line

    er legte die alte Platte auf (fig inf) — he started on his old theme

    leg doch mal eine neue Platte auf! (fig inf) — change the record, can't you!

    4) (inf) (= Glatze) bald head; (= kahle Stelle) bald spot or patch
    5) (Aus = Verbrecherbande) gang (of criminals)
    6) (sl)
    * * *
    die
    1) (a round flat piece of (usually black) plastic on which music etc is recorded: a record of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony.) record
    2) (a shallow dish for holding food etc: china plates.) plate
    3) (a sheet of metal etc: The ship was built of steel plates.) plate
    4) (a sheet of glass etc coated with a sensitive film, used in photography.) plate
    5) (a kind of large, flat plate: a wooden platter.) platter
    * * *
    Plat·te1
    <-, -n>
    [ˈplatə]
    f
    2. (Metalltafel) sheet, plate
    3. (Schallplatte) record
    4. (Servierteller) platter, dish; (Gericht) platter
    kalte \Platte cold platter, cold collation
    5. (Kochplatte) hotplate, BRIT a. hob
    6. INFORM (Festplatte) hard disk
    7. INFORM (Magnetplatte) [magnetic] disk
    magneto-optische \Platte magneto-optical disk
    8. (fam) bald head [or pate]
    eine \Platte haben to be bald
    9. (sl: Plattenbau) prefab (a building made from prefabricated slabs of reinforced concrete); (Plattenbausiedlung) prefab estate
    10.
    ▶ die alte \Platte auflegen (fam) to play the same old record, to talk about the same old thing
    ▶ die \Platte schon kennen (fam) to have heard that one before
    ▶ eine neue \Platte auflegen (fam) to change the record
    ▶ putz die \Platte! (fam) clear off! [or out!] fam, BRIT a. hop it! fam
    Plat·te2
    <-n, -n>
    [ˈplatə]
    einen \Platten haben to have a flat [tyre [or AM tire]] [or a puncture]
    * * *
    die; Platte, Platten
    1) (SteinPlatte) slab; (MetallPlatte) plate; sheet; (Mikroskopie usw.): (GlasPlatte) slide; (Paneel) panel; (SpanPlatte, HartfaserPlatte usw.) board; (StyroporPlatte usw.) sheet; (TischPlatte) [table-] top; (GrabPlatte) [memorial] slab; (fotografische Platte) [photographic] plate; (DruckPlatte) [pressure] plate; (Kachel, Fliese) tile; (zum Pflastern) flagstone; paving stone
    2) (KochPlatte) hotplate
    3) (SchallPlatte) [gramophone] record

    die Platte kenne ich [schon] — (fig. ugs.) I've heard that one before

    4) (Teller) plate; (zum Servieren, aus Metall) dish
    5) (Speise) dish

    kalte Platte — selection of cold meats [and cheese]

    * * *
    …platte f im subst
    1. aus best. Material:
    Kunststoffplatte plastic sheet;
    Stahlplatte steel sheet
    2. für best. Zweck:
    Deckenplatte ceiling tile;
    Tischtennisplatte pingpong tabletop
    3. GASTR:
    Gemüseplatte (plate with a) selection of vegetables;
    Schinkenplatte (plate with an) assortment of different types of ham;
    Vesperplatte selection of cold meats (US cuts) (as a snack)
    * * *
    die; Platte, Platten
    1) (SteinPlatte) slab; (MetallPlatte) plate; sheet; (Mikroskopie usw.): (GlasPlatte) slide; (Paneel) panel; (SpanPlatte, HartfaserPlatte usw.) board; (StyroporPlatte usw.) sheet; (TischPlatte) [table-] top; (GrabPlatte) [memorial] slab; (fotografische Platte) [photographic] plate; (DruckPlatte) [pressure] plate; (Kachel, Fliese) tile; (zum Pflastern) flagstone; paving stone
    2) (KochPlatte) hotplate
    3) (SchallPlatte) [gramophone] record

    etwas auf Platte (Akk.) aufnehmen — make a record of something

    die Platte kenne ich [schon] — (fig. ugs.) I've heard that one before

    4) (Teller) plate; (zum Servieren, aus Metall) dish
    5) (Speise) dish

    kalte Platte — selection of cold meats [and cheese]

    * * *
    -n (Felsplatte) f.
    ledge n. -n (Glas, Blech) f.
    sheet n. -n (Glatze) f.
    bald pate n. -n (Holz) f.
    board n. -n (Wand, Fußboden) f.
    panel n. -n f.
    disk drive n.
    flag (flagstone) n.
    flagstone n.
    paving slab n.
    plate n.
    record (music) n.
    slab n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > platte

  • 16 Lippman, Gabriel

    [br]
    b. 16 August 1845 Hallerick, Luxembourg
    d. 14 July 1921 at sea, in the North Atlantic
    [br]
    French physicist who developed interference colour photography.
    [br]
    Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.
    In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Photographic Society Progress Medal 1897. Nobel Prize (for his work in interference colour photography) 1908.
    Further Reading
    J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston.
    Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Lippman, Gabriel

  • 17 Lumière, Auguste

    [br]
    b. 19 October 1862 Besançon, France
    d. 10 April 1954 Lyon, France
    [br]
    French scientist and inventor.
    [br]
    Auguste and his brother Louis Lumière (b. 5 October 1864 Besançon, France; d. 6 June 1948 Bandol, France) developed the photographic plate-making business founded by their father, Charles Antoine Lumière, at Lyons, extending production to roll-film manufacture in 1887. In the summer of 1894 their father brought to the factory a piece of Edison kinetoscope film, and said that they should produce films for the French owners of the new moving-picture machine. To do this, of course, a camera was needed; Louis was chiefly responsible for the design, which used an intermittent claw for driving the film, inspired by a sewing-machine mechanism. The machine was patented on 13 February 1895, and it was shown on 22 March 1895 at the Société d'Encouragement pour l'In-dustrie Nationale in Paris, with a projected film showing workers leaving the Lyons factory. Further demonstrations followed at the Sorbonne, and in Lyons during the Congrès des Sociétés de Photographie in June 1895. The Lumières filmed the delegates returning from an excursion, and showed the film to the Congrès the next day. To bring the Cinématographe, as it was called, to the public, the basement of the Grand Café in the Boulevard des Capuchines in Paris was rented, and on Saturday 28 December 1895 the first regular presentations of projected pictures to a paying public took place. The half-hour shows were an immediate success, and in a few months Lumière Cinématographes were seen throughout the world.
    The other principal area of achievement by the Lumière brothers was colour photography. They took up Lippman's method of interference colour photography, developing special grainless emulsions, and early in 1893 demonstrated their results by lighting them with an arc lamp and projecting them on to a screen. In 1895 they patented a method of subtractive colour photography involving printing the colour separations on bichromated gelatine glue sheets, which were then dyed and assembled in register, on paper for prints or bound between glass for transparencies. Their most successful colour process was based upon the colour-mosaic principle. In 1904 they described a process in which microscopic grains of potato starch, dyed red, green and blue, were scattered on a freshly varnished glass plate. When dried the mosaic was coated with varnish and then with a panchromatic emulsion. The plate was exposed with the mosaic towards the lens, and after reversal processing a colour transparency was produced. The process was launched commercially in 1907 under the name Autochrome; it was the first fully practical single-plate colour process to reach the public, remaining on the market until the 1930s, when it was followed by a film version using the same principle.
    Auguste and Louis received the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1909 for their work in colour photography. Auguste was also much involved in biological science and, having founded the Clinique Auguste Lumière, spent many of his later years working in the physiological laboratory.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Guy Borgé, 1980, Prestige de la photographie, Nos. 8, 9 and 10, Paris. Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London ——1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.
    Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Lumière, Auguste

  • 18 Claudet, Antoine François Jean

    [br]
    b. 12 August 1797 France
    d. 27 December 1867 London, England
    [br]
    French pioneer photographer and photographic inventor in England.
    [br]
    He began his working life in banking but soon went into glassmaking and in 1829 he moved to London to open a glass warehouse. On hearing of the first practicable photographic processes in 1834, Claudet visited Paris, where he received instruction in the daguerreotype process from the inventor Daguerre, and purchased a licence to operate in England. On returning to London he began to sell daguerreotype views of Paris and Rome, but was soon taking and selling his own views of London. At this time exposures could take as long as thirty minutes and portraiture from life was impracticable. Claudet was fascinated by the possibilities of the daguerreotype and embarked on experiments to improve the process. In 1841 he published details of an accelerated process and took out a patent proposing the use of flat painted backgrounds and a red light in dark-rooms. In June of that year Claudet opened the second daguerreotype portrait studio in London, just three months after his rival, Richard Beard. He took stereoscopic photographs for Wheatstone as early as 1842, although it was not until the 1850s that stereoscopy became a major interest. He suggested and patented several improvements to viewers derived from Brewster's pattern.
    Claudet was also one of the first photographers to practise professionally Talbot's calotype process. He became a personal friend of Talbot, one of the few from whom the inventor was prepared to accept advice. Claudet died suddenly in London following an accident that occurred when he was alighting from an omnibus. A memoir produced shortly after his death lists over forty scientific papers relating to his researches into photography.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1853.
    Further Reading
    "The late M.Claudet", 1868, Photographic News 12:3 (obituary).
    "A.Claudet, FRS, a memoir", 1968, (reprinted from The Scientific Review), London: British Association (a fulsome but valuable Victorian view of Claudet).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a comprehensive account of Claudet's daguerreotype work).
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London (provides details of Claudet's relationship with Talbot).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Claudet, Antoine François Jean

  • 19 Herschel, John Frederick William

    [br]
    b. 7 March 1792 Slough, England
    d. 11 May 1871 Collingwood, England
    [br]
    English scientist who introduced "hypo" (thiosulphate) as a photographic fixative and discovered the blueprint process.
    [br]
    The only son of Sir William Herschel, the famous astronomer, John graduated from Cambridge in 1813 and went on to become a distinguished astronomer, mathematician and chemist. He left England in November 1833 to set up an observatory near Cape Town, South Africa, where he embarked on a study of the heavens in the southern hemisphere. He returned to England in the spring of 1838, and between 1850 and 1855 Herschel served as Master of the Royal Mint. He made several notable contributions to photography, perhaps the most important being his discovery in 1819 that hyposulphites (thiosulphates) would dissolve silver salts. He brought this property to the attention of W.H.F. Talbot, who in 1839 was using a common salt solution as a fixing agent for his early photographs. After trials, Talbot adopted "hypo", which was a far more effective fixative. It was soon adopted by other photographers and eventually became the standard photographic fixative, as it still is in the 1990s. After hearing of the first photographic process in January 1839, Herschel devised his own process within a week. In September 1839 he made the first photograph on glass. He is credited with introducing the words "positive", "negative" and "snapshot" to photography, and in 1842 he invented the cyanotype or "blueprint" process. This process was later to be widely adopted by engineers and architects for the reproduction of plans and technical drawings, a practice abandoned only in the late twentieth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order 1831. Baronet 1838. FRS 1813. Copley Medal 1821.
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1968, Vol. IX, pp. 714–19.
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London; Larry J.Schaaf, 1992, Out of the Shadows: Herschel, Talbot and the Invention of Photography, Newhaven and London (for details of his contributions to photography and his relationship with Talbot).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Herschel, John Frederick William

  • 20 Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore

    [br]
    b. 1765 France
    d. 5 July 1833 Chalon, France
    [br]
    French inventor who was the first to produce permanent photographic images with the aid of a camera.
    [br]
    Coming from a prosperous family, Niepce was educated in a Catholic seminary and destined for the priesthood. The French Revolution intervened and Niepce became an officer in an infantry regiment. An attack of typhoid fever in Italy ended his military career, and he returned to France and was married. Returning to his paternal home in Chalon in 1801, he joined with his brother Claude to construct an ingenious engine called the pyréolophore, which they patented in 1807. The French Government also encouraged the brothers in their attempts to produce large quantities of indigo-blue dye from wood, a venture that was ultimately unsuccessful.
    Nicéphore began to experiment with lithography, which led him to take an interest in the properties of light-sensitive materials. He pursued this interest after Claude moved to Paris in 1816 and is reported to have made negative images in a camera obscura using paper soaked in silver chloride. Niepce went on to experiment with bitumen of judea, a substance that hardened on exposure to light. In 1822, using bitumen of judea on glass, he produced a heliograph from an engraving. The first images from nature may have been made as early as 1824, but the world's earliest surviving photographic image was made in 1826. A view of the courtyard of Niepce's home in Chalon was captured on a pewter plate coated with bitumen of judea; an exposure of several hours was required, the softer parts of the bitumen being dissolved away by a solvent to reveal the image.
    In 1827 he took examples of his work to London where he met Francis Bauer, Secretary of the Royal Society. Nothing came of this meeting, but on returning to France Niepce continued his work and in 1829 entered into a formal partnership with L.J.M. Daguerre with a view to developing their mutual interest in capturing images formed by the camera obscura. However, the partnership made only limited progress and was terminated by Niepce's death in 1833. It was another six years before the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes was made.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1973. Joseph Nicéphore Niepce lettres 1816–7, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.
    1974, Joseph Nicéphore Niepce correspondences 1825–1829, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore

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